Contraceptive pills are oral tablets taken daily to prevent pregnancy. There are two main types:

• Combined Pill (COC) – contains oestrogen and progestogen
• Progestogen-Only Pill (POP) – contains only progestogen

Both types are highly effective when taken correctly.

Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill (COC)	Progestogen-Only Pill (POP / Mini Pill)
How it works: -Stops the release of an egg (ovulation) -Thickens cervical mucus (blocks sperm) -Thins the womb lining (prevents implantation)	How it works: -Thickens cervical mucus (all POPs) -Some types (desogestrel) also stop ovulation
Effectiveness: -Over 99% effective if taken correctly -Around 91% effective with typical use (due to missed pills)	Effectiveness: -Over 99% effective with perfect use -Around 91% effective with typical use
How to take it: -21 days on, 7-day break (or take placebo pills) -Some brands allow continuous use (tailored regimens)	How to take it: -Take at the same time every day -No break – continuous use
Benefits: -Lighter, more regular periods -May reduce acne, cramps, PMS -Can help with endometriosis or PCOS symptoms -Protective against ovarian, endometrial, and bowel cancers	Benefits: -Safe for people who can’t take oestrogen -Suitable for breastfeeding -Fewer hormonal side effects for some -Can help with period pain and endometriosis
Risks: -Slightly increased risk of blood clots, stroke, or breast cancer (rare) -Not suitable for smokers over 35 or people with certain health conditions (e.g. migraines with aura)	Risks: -Irregular bleeding or spotting -No periods (which is safe)
Side effects may include: -Nausea, breast tenderness, mood changes, spotting -Most settle within 2–3 months	Side effects may include: -Headaches, mood changes, breast tenderness

Who can use contraceptive pills?