What is menopause?
Menopause is the natural stage in life when your periods stop permanently, and you’re no longer able to get pregnant. It usually happens between the ages of 45 and 55, but it can occur earlier or later.
You’re said to have reached menopause when you haven’t had a period for 12 consecutive months.
What causes menopause?
Menopause happens because the ovaries stop producing eggs, and levels of the hormones oestrogen and progesterone gradually fall.
It can also occur:
- Naturally with age
- Early (before age 45) – called early menopause
- Prematurely (before age 40) – called premature ovarian insufficiency
- After surgery to remove the ovaries or certain cancer treatments
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms can start months or years before your periods stop (this is called the perimenopause). They vary from person to person.
Common symptoms include:
- Hot flushes
- Night sweats
- Irregular or heavy periods
- Vaginal dryness or discomfort during sex
- Mood changes, anxiety, or low mood
- Difficulty sleeping
- Problems with memory or concentration (“brain fog”)
- Loss of interest in sex (low libido)
- Weight gain or changes in body shape
- Thinning hair or dry skin
- Joint aches or stiffness
Some people have only mild symptoms; others find them more difficult to manage.
How is menopause diagnosed?
- Usually based on your age and symptoms
- Blood tests may be used if you’re under 45, or to rule out other causes
How is menopause managed or treated?
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT):
- Replaces the oestrogen your body is no longer producing
- Comes in tablets, patches, gels, or spray
- Can also include progesterone, especially if you still have your womb
- Helps relieve symptoms and protects against osteoporosis
Non-hormonal options:
- Antidepressants or other medications may help with hot flushes and mood changes
- Vaginal moisturisers/lubricants for dryness
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for mood symptoms
Lifestyle changes:
- Eat a balanced diet with calcium and vitamin D
- Exercise regularly to support mood and bone health
- Stop smoking and limit alcohol
- Practice stress-reducing activities (e.g., yoga, mindfulness)
Are there long term health effects of the menopause?
Falling oestrogen levels can increase the risk of:
- Osteoporosis (weakened bones)
- Heart disease
A healthy lifestyle and, in some cases, HRT can help reduce these risks.
When should I see a doctor?
- If your symptoms are affecting your quality of life
- If you’re under 45 and have changes in your periods
- If you have concerns about treatment options or risks
- If you’re unsure whether what you’re experiencing is menopause
Menopause is a natural transition, and support is available. You don’t have to go through it alone—WWWW can help you find the right treatment and advice.